GAP II – Pilot Project Report

REPORTS

GAP II – Pilot Project Report
(Mikang Water & Water borne diseases Project)

Executive Summary

This report reviews the progress of Global Relief in its safe water & water borne diseases reduction program in Mikang Local Government Area (LGA) of Plateau State, Nigeria. It is written as a summary of all that has been done so far covering a review of the project goal and objectives, and an abstract of the geophysical survey and water borne diseases research. Full reports of the geophysical survey and water borne diseases research can be derived from two other sources namely; GAP II Pilot Project Debriefing Notes ( a five page report) and Geophysical Investigation for Borehole Locations in Two Districts (Garkawa and Montol) in Mikang LGA/ ( a fifteen page report).

PROJECT GOAL
Overall, on evaluating the project goal, the GAP II project team agreed that there is an urgent need to address safe water, sanitation and water borne diseases challenges in the communities visited. The activities carried out were rated as relevant to the project goal.

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

1.To provide six simple hand dug wells in most needy communities in Garkawa.

Based on observations, the project team recommended the provision of boreholes in place of the initial objective of hand dug wells. However, eight points from four villages were selected and geophysical surveys completed. (see full report of geophysical surveys)

2.To distribute insecticide treated mosquito nets to 200-300 pregnant women and children during pilot project take off.

The RBM plateau state, a collaborator of Global Relief was unable to make Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) available at the time of the pilot project. However, the ITNs have been kept for the next phase of the project. Global Relief research team collected names of the pregnant and nursing mothers, that are likely candidates to receive the nets in the future implementation of the GAP project. Supplies of ITNs and other water borne diseases medicines were identified as a major challenge.

3.To train 40-50 LGA health workers and develop skills in management and control of uncomplicated malaria/water borne diseases cases.

Global Relief trained thirty-one (31) community health workers and social workers in the provision of safe water and the management of waterborne diseases. The following presentations were made:
a.Safe Water Provision and Management- The Mikang Challenge – Silas N. Woyep
b.Waterborne Diseases Management- James T. Tambles
c.Micro-organisms & Water- Bala Ameh
d.Holism, Global Development & Advocacy- Peter Akanimoh
e.Barriers to Changing Society Habits – The connection between Canada & Africa- Laura Cameron
f.Sanitation & Water Management- Kenny Oluyede

4.To increase knowledge of communities in safe water needs, hazards of unsafe water, environmental sanitation and malaria prevention/control.

Global Relief initiated a community socialization/sensitization outreach to increase awareness about safe water and the management of waterborne diseases. Over 300 community members attended from the project villages and others.

5.To collate and update data on Mikang LGA water needs/malaria control efforts.

A research team conducted a research to collate data (community participation data, water samples for microbial and chemical analysis, etc.) to be used in understanding future water needs & control efforts. Interviews were conducted, water samples taken and laboratory analysis conducted. See data analysis report.

6.To conduct geophysical surveys for selection of well sites.

8 points from four villages were surveyed. These included:
1.2 points in Angwan Jukun village, Garkawa District
2.2 points in Jumakwe village, Garkawa District
3.2 points in Talim village, Garkawa District
4.2 points in Kopzonga village, Montol District

7.To produce a water & malaria documentary for greater advocacy and awareness on water & malaria/water borne diseases status in plateau state.

Video footage was taken on a range of activities performed during the pilot project. This footage will be used to put together an advocacy documentary on the education of water borne diseases. Also, digital photographs were taken.

8.To solicit support and engage policy makers, community leaders, relevant development agencies & government in the process.

The following person(s) were paid advocacy visits and support solicited:
1.Permanent Secretary Plateau State Ministry of Health, Plateau State
2.Program Manager Plateau State Rollback Malaria
3.The Chairman, Mikang LGA
4.The secretary, Mikang LGA
5.Traditional rulers & village heads
6.Church leader – First Baptist Church in Garkawa
All committed to promoting and participating in the project.

9.To build capacity for the GAP II project so as to expand to other LGAs.

These efforts are on-going in advocacy visits to development partners and grant search.

10.To empower communities on self-help best practices in water management and malaria control.

Youth leaders were selected and Community Development Teams (CDTs) set up for community mobilization and monitoring/evaluation of community participation. The CDTs will be trained in self-help skills.

SUMMARY OF WATER RESEARCH
A research team of four Research Supervisors and 10 research assistants conducted research to collate data (community participation) on water and water related diseases in Angwan Jukun, Talim and Zhimakwi.
Objective
To have an understanding on the past present and future water needs of selected communities, identify types of water related diseases, and proffer solutions, identify the link between water and diseases, and to generate base data that will be of use to other researchers/development agencies in future.

Methodology
Questionnaires were administered to respondents and a Semi Structured Interview (SSI) conducted to enhance one on one discussion with respondents, all of whom were community members. Laboratory Tests were carried out on water samples taken from communities and results analysed. See figures 4 – 13.
The questionnaire was categorised into General (gender, status and age), Water (treatment, collection, time, availability, and drinkability), and Diseases (link between water and diseases and types of diseases).
Findings
Recent assessment indicates that most common water related diseases in these communities are Amebiasis, and Amoebic dysentery, Schistosomiasis or Bilharziasis, causing bloody urine and pain during urination; and typhoid.
On the average, the ratio or population of male to female interviewed in these communities is 54% to 46%. They are predominantly farmers, and those with age 20-30years are more in population followed by those with age 30-40 years.
The communities source their water mainly from well, pond or stream and rain which is seasonal.
90% of the population do not treat their water, and about 10% treat their water in form of boiling and sifting. (Tables 8, 9 & 10).
On the average, it takes about 2 – 5 hours to fetch water from the stream and well because of long distances and dispersed nature of some of the communities shearing just one well.
The water is not enough for drinking or for domestic purposes especially during the dry season, and when available has taste, colour and with odour.
80% of the population acknowledges that there is link between the water they drink and symptoms of the diseases they exhibit. The diseases range from diarrhea, bilharziasis, entamoeba, ringworm hookworm, cholera and typhoid. (Tables 2, 3 & 4).
Indicator organism contaminant (coliform) were too numerous to count. In all the communities coliform count averages 800 per 3.0x103 cfu/ml for well, 2800 per 3.0x103 cfu/ml for stream, and 1520 per 4.0x103 cfu/ml for pond samples. (Table 2).

Bacteria isolate shows presence of E.coli, Salmonella Sp. and Shigella Sp. which are indicator for typhoid and diarrhea respectively. (Table 3).

The parasite Schistosoma Haematobium (Bilharzia) is found mainly in the stream samples from Angwan Jukun and Zhumakwi. This is responsible for bloody urine and pain during urination among those interviewed.

SUMMARY GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY
Geophysical investigation was done using the electrical resistivity method in four of the communities’ namely Angwan Jukun, Talim, Zhimakwe all in Garkawa district and Kopzonga in Lalin in Montol district.

Eight vertical electrical soundings (VES) were carried out (two in each of the above mentioned communities) to determine the depth of weathering, and where fracture occurs to estimate thickness of fracturing. If weathering /fracturing exceeds 20-25m, that point is considered as prospective for drilling.

Discussion and Recommendation
The curves obtained were interpreted to be between four to six layers. Three aquifer types recognized, sandy material, clayey sand and fractured/weathered basement.

Angwan Jukun
This area is underlain by sedimentary sequence of fine sand (unconsolidated), sandy material, clayey sand and clay/ shale. This sedimentary sequence is underlain by basement complex.

The geologic sequence is such that the sandy clay and sandy materials which serves as the aquifer is intercalated with clay/shale materials which serve as the aquitard.
Within limit of experimental errors, VES 2 should be drilled to a depth of at least eighty meters (80m) in order to exhaust all water bearing formation in the section. VES 1 is to be followed with proposed depth to drilling at 70m
Talim
This area is underlain by the basement complex rock that is weathered and fractured; which is in turn overlain by sedimentary sequence of fine sandy material, clayey sand and clay/ shale.

Geologic sequence is such that the sandy clay and sandy materials which serves as the aquifer is intercalated with clay/shale materials which serve as the aquitard. VES 1 is to be drilled to depth of 80m to exhaust all water bearing formation in the section.

While VES 2, which is characterized by weathered and fractured material is to be considered first for drilling to depth of 75m

Zhimakwi
The basement complex rock that is weathered and fractured is more pronounced in this area with the exposure of rock outcrop in the surrounding village.

Two soundings were carried out; VES sounding curve and geo-electric section suggest four to five layers.(Table 1).

VES 2 is to be drilled first to depth of 70m, beyond the clayey sand deposit in order to tap from the fractured and weathered basement.
VES 1 that shows no fracturing is to be drilled to depth of 60m

Kopzonga
Two soundings were carried out; VES sounding curve and geo-electric section suggest two to three layers.(Table 1).

This basement complex area is characterized by basement high consisting of only two to three layers. The rocks were partially weathered with no fractures.
These points (VES 1&2) do not harbour any appreciable water for extraction. More geophysical survey needs to be done to locate water bearing formations. Download Report





	REPORTS GAP II – Pilot Project Report (Mikang Water & Water borne diseases Project) Executive Summary This report reviews the progress of Global Relief in its safe water & water borne diseases reduction program in Mikang Local Government Area (LGA) of Plateau State, Nigeria. It is written as a summary of all that has been done so far covering a review of the project goal and objectives, and an abstract of the geophysical survey and water borne diseases research. Full reports of the geophysical survey and water borne diseases research can be derived from two other sources namely; GAP II Pilot Project Debriefing Notes ( a five page report) and Geophysical Investigation for Borehole Locations in Two Districts (Garkawa and Montol) in Mikang LGA/ ( a fifteen page report). PROJECT GOAL Overall, on evaluating the project goal, the GAP II project team agreed that there is an urgent need to address safe water, sanitation and water borne diseases challenges in the communities visited. The activities carried out were rated as relevant to the project goal. PROJECT OBJECTIVES 1.To provide six simple hand dug wells in most needy communities in Garkawa. Based on observations, the project team recommended the provision of boreholes in place of the initial objective of hand dug wells. However, eight points from four villages were selected and geophysical surveys completed. (see full report of geophysical surveys) 2.To distribute insecticide treated mosquito nets to 200-300 pregnant women and children during pilot project take off. The RBM plateau state, a collaborator of Global Relief was unable to make Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) available at the time of the pilot project. However, the ITNs have been kept for the next phase of the project. Global Relief research team collected names of the pregnant and nursing mothers, that are likely candidates to receive the nets in the future implementation of the GAP project. Supplies of ITNs and other water borne diseases medicines were identified as a major challenge. 3.To train 40-50 LGA health workers and develop skills in management and control of uncomplicated malaria/water borne diseases cases. Global Relief trained thirty-one (31) community health workers and social workers in the provision of safe water and the management of waterborne diseases. The following presentations were made: a.Safe Water Provision and Management- The Mikang Challenge – Silas N. Woyep b.Waterborne Diseases Management- James T. Tambles c.Micro-organisms & Water- Bala Ameh d.Holism, Global Development & Advocacy- Peter Akanimoh e.Barriers to Changing Society Habits – The connection between Canada & Africa- Laura Cameron f.Sanitation & Water Management- Kenny Oluyede 4.To increase knowledge of communities in safe water needs, hazards of unsafe water, environmental sanitation and malaria prevention/control. Global Relief initiated a community socialization/sensitization outreach to increase awareness about safe water and the management of waterborne diseases. Over 300 community members attended from the project villages and others. 5.To collate and update data on Mikang LGA water needs/malaria control efforts. A research team conducted a research to collate data (community participation data, water samples for microbial and chemical analysis, etc.) to be used in understanding future water needs & control efforts. Interviews were conducted, water samples taken and laboratory analysis conducted. See data analysis report. 6.To conduct geophysical surveys for selection of well sites. 8 points from four villages were surveyed. These included: 1.2 points in Angwan Jukun village, Garkawa District 2.2 points in Jumakwe village, Garkawa District 3.2 points in Talim village, Garkawa District 4.2 points in Kopzonga village, Montol District 7.To produce a water & malaria documentary for greater advocacy and awareness on water & malaria/water borne diseases status in plateau state. Video footage was taken on a range of activities performed during the pilot project. This footage will be used to put together an advocacy documentary on the education of water borne diseases. Also, digital photographs were taken. 8.To solicit support and engage policy makers, community leaders, relevant development agencies & government in the process. The following person(s) were paid advocacy visits and support solicited: 1.Permanent Secretary Plateau State Ministry of Health, Plateau State 2.Program Manager Plateau State Rollback Malaria 3.The Chairman, Mikang LGA 4.The secretary, Mikang LGA 5.Traditional rulers & village heads 6.Church leader – First Baptist Church in Garkawa All committed to promoting and participating in the project. 9.To build capacity for the GAP II project so as to expand to other LGAs. These efforts are on-going in advocacy visits to development partners and grant search. 10.To empower communities on self-help best practices in water management and malaria control. Youth leaders were selected and Community Development Teams (CDTs) set up for community mobilization and monitoring/evaluation of community participation. The CDTs will be trained in self-help skills. SUMMARY OF WATER RESEARCH A research team of four Research Supervisors and 10 research assistants conducted research to collate data (community participation) on water and water related diseases in Angwan Jukun, Talim and Zhimakwi. Objective To have an understanding on the past present and future water needs of selected communities, identify types of water related diseases, and proffer solutions, identify the link between water and diseases, and to generate base data that will be of use to other researchers/development agencies in future. Methodology Questionnaires were administered to respondents and a Semi Structured Interview (SSI) conducted to enhance one on one discussion with respondents, all of whom were community members. Laboratory Tests were carried out on water samples taken from communities and results analysed. See figures 4 – 13. The questionnaire was categorised into General (gender, status and age), Water (treatment, collection, time, availability, and drinkability), and Diseases (link between water and diseases and types of diseases). Findings Recent assessment indicates that most common water related diseases in these communities are Amebiasis, and Amoebic dysentery, Schistosomiasis or Bilharziasis, causing bloody urine and pain during urination; and typhoid. On the average, the ratio or population of male to female interviewed in these communities is 54% to 46%. They are predominantly farmers, and those with age 20-30years are more in population followed by those with age 30-40 years. The communities source their water mainly from well, pond or stream and rain which is seasonal. 90% of the population do not treat their water, and about 10% treat their water in form of boiling and sifting. (Tables 8, 9 & 10). On the average, it takes about 2 – 5 hours to fetch water from the stream and well because of long distances and dispersed nature of some of the communities shearing just one well. The water is not enough for drinking or for domestic purposes especially during the dry season, and when available has taste, colour and with odour. 80% of the population acknowledges that there is link between the water they drink and symptoms of the diseases they exhibit. The diseases range from diarrhea, bilharziasis, entamoeba, ringworm hookworm, cholera and typhoid. (Tables 2, 3 & 4). Indicator organism contaminant (coliform) were too numerous to count. In all the communities coliform count averages 800 per 3.0x103 cfu/ml for well, 2800 per 3.0x103 cfu/ml for stream, and 1520 per 4.0x103 cfu/ml for pond samples. (Table 2). Bacteria isolate shows presence of E.coli, Salmonella Sp. and Shigella Sp. which are indicator for typhoid and diarrhea respectively. (Table 3). The parasite Schistosoma Haematobium (Bilharzia) is found mainly in the stream samples from Angwan Jukun and Zhumakwi. This is responsible for bloody urine and pain during urination among those interviewed. SUMMARY GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY Geophysical investigation was done using the electrical resistivity method in four of the communities’ namely Angwan Jukun, Talim, Zhimakwe all in Garkawa district and Kopzonga in Lalin in Montol district. Eight vertical electrical soundings (VES) were carried out (two in each of the above mentioned communities) to determine the depth of weathering, and where fracture occurs to estimate thickness of fracturing. If weathering /fracturing exceeds 20-25m, that point is considered as prospective for drilling. Discussion and Recommendation The curves obtained were interpreted to be between four to six layers. Three aquifer types recognized, sandy material, clayey sand and fractured/weathered basement. Angwan Jukun This area is underlain by sedimentary sequence of fine sand (unconsolidated), sandy material, clayey sand and clay/ shale. This sedimentary sequence is underlain by basement complex. The geologic sequence is such that the sandy clay and sandy materials which serves as the aquifer is intercalated with clay/shale materials which serve as the aquitard. Within limit of experimental errors, VES 2 should be drilled to a depth of at least eighty meters (80m) in order to exhaust all water bearing formation in the section. VES 1 is to be followed with proposed depth to drilling at 70m Talim This area is underlain by the basement complex rock that is weathered and fractured; which is in turn overlain by sedimentary sequence of fine sandy material, clayey sand and clay/ shale. Geologic sequence is such that the sandy clay and sandy materials which serves as the aquifer is intercalated with clay/shale materials which serve as the aquitard. VES 1 is to be drilled to depth of 80m to exhaust all water bearing formation in the section. While VES 2, which is characterized by weathered and fractured material is to be considered first for drilling to depth of 75m Zhimakwi The basement complex rock that is weathered and fractured is more pronounced in this area with the exposure of rock outcrop in the surrounding village. Two soundings were carried out; VES sounding curve and geo-electric section suggest four to five layers.(Table 1). VES 2 is to be drilled first to depth of 70m, beyond the clayey sand deposit in order to tap from the fractured and weathered basement. VES 1 that shows no fracturing is to be drilled to depth of 60m Kopzonga Two soundings were carried out; VES sounding curve and geo-electric section suggest two to three layers.(Table 1). This basement complex area is characterized by basement high consisting of only two to three layers. The rocks were partially weathered with no fractures. These points (VES 1&2) do not harbour any appreciable water for extraction. More geophysical survey needs to be done to locate water bearing formations. Download Report
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